arduinoprojects

Adafruit_GFX.cpp (93575B)

---

 /*
 This is the core graphics library for all our displays, providing a common
 set of graphics primitives (points, lines, circles, etc.).  It needs to be
 paired with a hardware-specific library for each display device we carry
 (to handle the lower-level functions).
 
 Adafruit invests time and resources providing this open source code, please
 support Adafruit & open-source hardware by purchasing products from Adafruit!
 
 Copyright (c) 2013 Adafruit Industries.  All rights reserved.
 
 Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 
 - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
   this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
   this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
   and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 
 THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
 AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
 LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
 CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
 SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
 INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
 CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
 ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
 POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
  */
 
 #include "Adafruit_GFX.h"
 #include "glcdfont.c"
 #ifdef __AVR__
 #include <avr/pgmspace.h>
 #elif defined(ESP8266) || defined(ESP32)
 #include <pgmspace.h>
 #endif
 
 // Many (but maybe not all) non-AVR board installs define macros
 // for compatibility with existing PROGMEM-reading AVR code.
 // Do our own checks and defines here for good measure...
 
 #ifndef pgm_read_byte
 #define pgm_read_byte(addr) (*(const unsigned char *)(addr))
 #endif
 #ifndef pgm_read_word
 #define pgm_read_word(addr) (*(const unsigned short *)(addr))
 #endif
 #ifndef pgm_read_dword
 #define pgm_read_dword(addr) (*(const unsigned long *)(addr))
 #endif
 
 // Pointers are a peculiar case...typically 16-bit on AVR boards,
 // 32 bits elsewhere.  Try to accommodate both...
 
 #if !defined(__INT_MAX__) || (__INT_MAX__ > 0xFFFF)
 #define pgm_read_pointer(addr) ((void *)pgm_read_dword(addr))
 #else
 #define pgm_read_pointer(addr) ((void *)pgm_read_word(addr))
 #endif
 
 inline GFXglyph *pgm_read_glyph_ptr(const GFXfont *gfxFont, uint8_t c) {
 #ifdef __AVR__
   return &(((GFXglyph *)pgm_read_pointer(&gfxFont->glyph))[c]);
 #else
   // expression in __AVR__ section may generate "dereferencing type-punned
   // pointer will break strict-aliasing rules" warning In fact, on other
   // platforms (such as STM32) there is no need to do this pointer magic as
   // program memory may be read in a usual way So expression may be simplified
   return gfxFont->glyph + c;
 #endif //__AVR__
 }
 
 inline uint8_t *pgm_read_bitmap_ptr(const GFXfont *gfxFont) {
 #ifdef __AVR__
   return (uint8_t *)pgm_read_pointer(&gfxFont->bitmap);
 #else
   // expression in __AVR__ section generates "dereferencing type-punned pointer
   // will break strict-aliasing rules" warning In fact, on other platforms (such
   // as STM32) there is no need to do this pointer magic as program memory may
   // be read in a usual way So expression may be simplified
   return gfxFont->bitmap;
 #endif //__AVR__
 }
 
 #ifndef min
 #define min(a, b) (((a) < (b)) ? (a) : (b))
 #endif
 
 #ifndef _swap_int16_t
 #define _swap_int16_t(a, b)                                                    \
   {                                                                            \
     int16_t t = a;                                                             \
     a = b;                                                                     \
     b = t;                                                                     \
   }
 #endif
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Instatiate a GFX context for graphics! Can only be done by a
    superclass
    @param    w   Display width, in pixels
    @param    h   Display height, in pixels
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 Adafruit_GFX::Adafruit_GFX(int16_t w, int16_t h) : WIDTH(w), HEIGHT(h) {
   _width = WIDTH;
   _height = HEIGHT;
   rotation = 0;
   cursor_y = cursor_x = 0;
   textsize_x = textsize_y = 1;
   textcolor = textbgcolor = 0xFFFF;
   wrap = true;
   _cp437 = false;
   gfxFont = NULL;
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Write a line.  Bresenham's algorithm - thx wikpedia
     @param    x0  Start point x coordinate
     @param    y0  Start point y coordinate
     @param    x1  End point x coordinate
     @param    y1  End point y coordinate
     @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::writeLine(int16_t x0, int16_t y0, int16_t x1, int16_t y1,
                              uint16_t color) {
 #if defined(ESP8266)
   yield();
 #endif
   int16_t steep = abs(y1 - y0) > abs(x1 - x0);
   if (steep) {
     _swap_int16_t(x0, y0);
     _swap_int16_t(x1, y1);
   }
 
   if (x0 > x1) {
     _swap_int16_t(x0, x1);
     _swap_int16_t(y0, y1);
   }
 
   int16_t dx, dy;
   dx = x1 - x0;
   dy = abs(y1 - y0);
 
   int16_t err = dx / 2;
   int16_t ystep;
 
   if (y0 < y1) {
     ystep = 1;
   } else {
     ystep = -1;
   }
 
   for (; x0 <= x1; x0++) {
     if (steep) {
       writePixel(y0, x0, color);
     } else {
       writePixel(x0, y0, color);
     }
     err -= dy;
     if (err < 0) {
       y0 += ystep;
       err += dx;
     }
   }
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Start a display-writing routine, overwrite in subclasses.
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::startWrite() {}
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Write a pixel, overwrite in subclasses if startWrite is defined!
     @param   x   x coordinate
     @param   y   y coordinate
    @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::writePixel(int16_t x, int16_t y, uint16_t color) {
   drawPixel(x, y, color);
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Write a perfectly vertical line, overwrite in subclasses if
    startWrite is defined!
     @param    x   Top-most x coordinate
     @param    y   Top-most y coordinate
     @param    h   Height in pixels
    @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::writeFastVLine(int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t h,
                                   uint16_t color) {
   // Overwrite in subclasses if startWrite is defined!
   // Can be just writeLine(x, y, x, y+h-1, color);
   // or writeFillRect(x, y, 1, h, color);
   drawFastVLine(x, y, h, color);
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Write a perfectly horizontal line, overwrite in subclasses if
    startWrite is defined!
     @param    x   Left-most x coordinate
     @param    y   Left-most y coordinate
     @param    w   Width in pixels
    @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::writeFastHLine(int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t w,
                                   uint16_t color) {
   // Overwrite in subclasses if startWrite is defined!
   // Example: writeLine(x, y, x+w-1, y, color);
   // or writeFillRect(x, y, w, 1, color);
   drawFastHLine(x, y, w, color);
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Write a rectangle completely with one color, overwrite in
    subclasses if startWrite is defined!
     @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
     @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
     @param    w   Width in pixels
     @param    h   Height in pixels
    @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::writeFillRect(int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t w, int16_t h,
                                  uint16_t color) {
   // Overwrite in subclasses if desired!
   fillRect(x, y, w, h, color);
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    End a display-writing routine, overwrite in subclasses if
    startWrite is defined!
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::endWrite() {}
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Draw a perfectly vertical line (this is often optimized in a
    subclass!)
     @param    x   Top-most x coordinate
     @param    y   Top-most y coordinate
     @param    h   Height in pixels
    @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::drawFastVLine(int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t h,
                                  uint16_t color) {
   startWrite();
   writeLine(x, y, x, y + h - 1, color);
   endWrite();
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Draw a perfectly horizontal line (this is often optimized in a
    subclass!)
     @param    x   Left-most x coordinate
     @param    y   Left-most y coordinate
     @param    w   Width in pixels
    @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::drawFastHLine(int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t w,
                                  uint16_t color) {
   startWrite();
   writeLine(x, y, x + w - 1, y, color);
   endWrite();
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Fill a rectangle completely with one color. Update in subclasses if
    desired!
     @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
     @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
     @param    w   Width in pixels
     @param    h   Height in pixels
    @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::fillRect(int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t w, int16_t h,
                             uint16_t color) {
   startWrite();
   for (int16_t i = x; i < x + w; i++) {
     writeFastVLine(i, y, h, color);
   }
   endWrite();
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Fill the screen completely with one color. Update in subclasses if
    desired!
     @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::fillScreen(uint16_t color) {
   fillRect(0, 0, _width, _height, color);
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Draw a line
     @param    x0  Start point x coordinate
     @param    y0  Start point y coordinate
     @param    x1  End point x coordinate
     @param    y1  End point y coordinate
     @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::drawLine(int16_t x0, int16_t y0, int16_t x1, int16_t y1,
                             uint16_t color) {
   // Update in subclasses if desired!
   if (x0 == x1) {
     if (y0 > y1)
       _swap_int16_t(y0, y1);
     drawFastVLine(x0, y0, y1 - y0 + 1, color);
   } else if (y0 == y1) {
     if (x0 > x1)
       _swap_int16_t(x0, x1);
     drawFastHLine(x0, y0, x1 - x0 + 1, color);
   } else {
     startWrite();
     writeLine(x0, y0, x1, y1, color);
     endWrite();
   }
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Draw a circle outline
     @param    x0   Center-point x coordinate
     @param    y0   Center-point y coordinate
     @param    r   Radius of circle
     @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::drawCircle(int16_t x0, int16_t y0, int16_t r,
                               uint16_t color) {
 #if defined(ESP8266)
   yield();
 #endif
   int16_t f = 1 - r;
   int16_t ddF_x = 1;
   int16_t ddF_y = -2 * r;
   int16_t x = 0;
   int16_t y = r;
 
   startWrite();
   writePixel(x0, y0 + r, color);
   writePixel(x0, y0 - r, color);
   writePixel(x0 + r, y0, color);
   writePixel(x0 - r, y0, color);
 
   while (x < y) {
     if (f >= 0) {
       y--;
       ddF_y += 2;
       f += ddF_y;
     }
     x++;
     ddF_x += 2;
     f += ddF_x;
 
     writePixel(x0 + x, y0 + y, color);
     writePixel(x0 - x, y0 + y, color);
     writePixel(x0 + x, y0 - y, color);
     writePixel(x0 - x, y0 - y, color);
     writePixel(x0 + y, y0 + x, color);
     writePixel(x0 - y, y0 + x, color);
     writePixel(x0 + y, y0 - x, color);
     writePixel(x0 - y, y0 - x, color);
   }
   endWrite();
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
     @brief    Quarter-circle drawer, used to do circles and roundrects
     @param    x0   Center-point x coordinate
     @param    y0   Center-point y coordinate
     @param    r   Radius of circle
     @param    cornername  Mask bit #1 or bit #2 to indicate which quarters of
    the circle we're doing
     @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::drawCircleHelper(int16_t x0, int16_t y0, int16_t r,
                                     uint8_t cornername, uint16_t color) {
   int16_t f = 1 - r;
   int16_t ddF_x = 1;
   int16_t ddF_y = -2 * r;
   int16_t x = 0;
   int16_t y = r;
 
   while (x < y) {
     if (f >= 0) {
       y--;
       ddF_y += 2;
       f += ddF_y;
     }
     x++;
     ddF_x += 2;
     f += ddF_x;
     if (cornername & 0x4) {
       writePixel(x0 + x, y0 + y, color);
       writePixel(x0 + y, y0 + x, color);
     }
     if (cornername & 0x2) {
       writePixel(x0 + x, y0 - y, color);
       writePixel(x0 + y, y0 - x, color);
     }
     if (cornername & 0x8) {
       writePixel(x0 - y, y0 + x, color);
       writePixel(x0 - x, y0 + y, color);
     }
     if (cornername & 0x1) {
       writePixel(x0 - y, y0 - x, color);
       writePixel(x0 - x, y0 - y, color);
     }
   }
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Draw a circle with filled color
     @param    x0   Center-point x coordinate
     @param    y0   Center-point y coordinate
     @param    r   Radius of circle
     @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::fillCircle(int16_t x0, int16_t y0, int16_t r,
                               uint16_t color) {
   startWrite();
   writeFastVLine(x0, y0 - r, 2 * r + 1, color);
   fillCircleHelper(x0, y0, r, 3, 0, color);
   endWrite();
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
     @brief  Quarter-circle drawer with fill, used for circles and roundrects
     @param  x0       Center-point x coordinate
     @param  y0       Center-point y coordinate
     @param  r        Radius of circle
     @param  corners  Mask bits indicating which quarters we're doing
     @param  delta    Offset from center-point, used for round-rects
     @param  color    16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::fillCircleHelper(int16_t x0, int16_t y0, int16_t r,
                                     uint8_t corners, int16_t delta,
                                     uint16_t color) {
 
   int16_t f = 1 - r;
   int16_t ddF_x = 1;
   int16_t ddF_y = -2 * r;
   int16_t x = 0;
   int16_t y = r;
   int16_t px = x;
   int16_t py = y;
 
   delta++; // Avoid some +1's in the loop
 
   while (x < y) {
     if (f >= 0) {
       y--;
       ddF_y += 2;
       f += ddF_y;
     }
     x++;
     ddF_x += 2;
     f += ddF_x;
     // These checks avoid double-drawing certain lines, important
     // for the SSD1306 library which has an INVERT drawing mode.
     if (x < (y + 1)) {
       if (corners & 1)
         writeFastVLine(x0 + x, y0 - y, 2 * y + delta, color);
       if (corners & 2)
         writeFastVLine(x0 - x, y0 - y, 2 * y + delta, color);
     }
     if (y != py) {
       if (corners & 1)
         writeFastVLine(x0 + py, y0 - px, 2 * px + delta, color);
       if (corners & 2)
         writeFastVLine(x0 - py, y0 - px, 2 * px + delta, color);
       py = y;
     }
     px = x;
   }
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief   Draw a rectangle with no fill color
     @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
     @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
     @param    w   Width in pixels
     @param    h   Height in pixels
     @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::drawRect(int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t w, int16_t h,
                             uint16_t color) {
   startWrite();
   writeFastHLine(x, y, w, color);
   writeFastHLine(x, y + h - 1, w, color);
   writeFastVLine(x, y, h, color);
   writeFastVLine(x + w - 1, y, h, color);
   endWrite();
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief   Draw a rounded rectangle with no fill color
     @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
     @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
     @param    w   Width in pixels
     @param    h   Height in pixels
     @param    r   Radius of corner rounding
     @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::drawRoundRect(int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t w, int16_t h,
                                  int16_t r, uint16_t color) {
   int16_t max_radius = ((w < h) ? w : h) / 2; // 1/2 minor axis
   if (r > max_radius)
     r = max_radius;
   // smarter version
   startWrite();
   writeFastHLine(x + r, y, w - 2 * r, color);         // Top
   writeFastHLine(x + r, y + h - 1, w - 2 * r, color); // Bottom
   writeFastVLine(x, y + r, h - 2 * r, color);         // Left
   writeFastVLine(x + w - 1, y + r, h - 2 * r, color); // Right
   // draw four corners
   drawCircleHelper(x + r, y + r, r, 1, color);
   drawCircleHelper(x + w - r - 1, y + r, r, 2, color);
   drawCircleHelper(x + w - r - 1, y + h - r - 1, r, 4, color);
   drawCircleHelper(x + r, y + h - r - 1, r, 8, color);
   endWrite();
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief   Draw a rounded rectangle with fill color
     @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
     @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
     @param    w   Width in pixels
     @param    h   Height in pixels
     @param    r   Radius of corner rounding
     @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw/fill with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::fillRoundRect(int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t w, int16_t h,
                                  int16_t r, uint16_t color) {
   int16_t max_radius = ((w < h) ? w : h) / 2; // 1/2 minor axis
   if (r > max_radius)
     r = max_radius;
   // smarter version
   startWrite();
   writeFillRect(x + r, y, w - 2 * r, h, color);
   // draw four corners
   fillCircleHelper(x + w - r - 1, y + r, r, 1, h - 2 * r - 1, color);
   fillCircleHelper(x + r, y + r, r, 2, h - 2 * r - 1, color);
   endWrite();
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief   Draw a triangle with no fill color
     @param    x0  Vertex #0 x coordinate
     @param    y0  Vertex #0 y coordinate
     @param    x1  Vertex #1 x coordinate
     @param    y1  Vertex #1 y coordinate
     @param    x2  Vertex #2 x coordinate
     @param    y2  Vertex #2 y coordinate
     @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::drawTriangle(int16_t x0, int16_t y0, int16_t x1, int16_t y1,
                                 int16_t x2, int16_t y2, uint16_t color) {
   drawLine(x0, y0, x1, y1, color);
   drawLine(x1, y1, x2, y2, color);
   drawLine(x2, y2, x0, y0, color);
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief     Draw a triangle with color-fill
     @param    x0  Vertex #0 x coordinate
     @param    y0  Vertex #0 y coordinate
     @param    x1  Vertex #1 x coordinate
     @param    y1  Vertex #1 y coordinate
     @param    x2  Vertex #2 x coordinate
     @param    y2  Vertex #2 y coordinate
     @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill/draw with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::fillTriangle(int16_t x0, int16_t y0, int16_t x1, int16_t y1,
                                 int16_t x2, int16_t y2, uint16_t color) {
 
   int16_t a, b, y, last;
 
   // Sort coordinates by Y order (y2 >= y1 >= y0)
   if (y0 > y1) {
     _swap_int16_t(y0, y1);
     _swap_int16_t(x0, x1);
   }
   if (y1 > y2) {
     _swap_int16_t(y2, y1);
     _swap_int16_t(x2, x1);
   }
   if (y0 > y1) {
     _swap_int16_t(y0, y1);
     _swap_int16_t(x0, x1);
   }
 
   startWrite();
   if (y0 == y2) { // Handle awkward all-on-same-line case as its own thing
     a = b = x0;
     if (x1 < a)
       a = x1;
     else if (x1 > b)
       b = x1;
     if (x2 < a)
       a = x2;
     else if (x2 > b)
       b = x2;
     writeFastHLine(a, y0, b - a + 1, color);
     endWrite();
     return;
   }
 
   int16_t dx01 = x1 - x0, dy01 = y1 - y0, dx02 = x2 - x0, dy02 = y2 - y0,
           dx12 = x2 - x1, dy12 = y2 - y1;
   int32_t sa = 0, sb = 0;
 
   // For upper part of triangle, find scanline crossings for segments
   // 0-1 and 0-2.  If y1=y2 (flat-bottomed triangle), the scanline y1
   // is included here (and second loop will be skipped, avoiding a /0
   // error there), otherwise scanline y1 is skipped here and handled
   // in the second loop...which also avoids a /0 error here if y0=y1
   // (flat-topped triangle).
   if (y1 == y2)
     last = y1; // Include y1 scanline
   else
     last = y1 - 1; // Skip it
 
   for (y = y0; y <= last; y++) {
     a = x0 + sa / dy01;
     b = x0 + sb / dy02;
     sa += dx01;
     sb += dx02;
     /* longhand:
     a = x0 + (x1 - x0) * (y - y0) / (y1 - y0);
     b = x0 + (x2 - x0) * (y - y0) / (y2 - y0);
     */
     if (a > b)
       _swap_int16_t(a, b);
     writeFastHLine(a, y, b - a + 1, color);
   }
 
   // For lower part of triangle, find scanline crossings for segments
   // 0-2 and 1-2.  This loop is skipped if y1=y2.
   sa = (int32_t)dx12 * (y - y1);
   sb = (int32_t)dx02 * (y - y0);
   for (; y <= y2; y++) {
     a = x1 + sa / dy12;
     b = x0 + sb / dy02;
     sa += dx12;
     sb += dx02;
     /* longhand:
     a = x1 + (x2 - x1) * (y - y1) / (y2 - y1);
     b = x0 + (x2 - x0) * (y - y0) / (y2 - y0);
     */
     if (a > b)
       _swap_int16_t(a, b);
     writeFastHLine(a, y, b - a + 1, color);
   }
   endWrite();
 }
 
 // BITMAP / XBITMAP / GRAYSCALE / RGB BITMAP FUNCTIONS ---------------------
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief      Draw a PROGMEM-resident 1-bit image at the specified (x,y)
    position, using the specified foreground color (unset bits are transparent).
     @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
     @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
     @param    bitmap  byte array with monochrome bitmap
     @param    w   Width of bitmap in pixels
     @param    h   Height of bitmap in pixels
     @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::drawBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y, const uint8_t bitmap[],
                               int16_t w, int16_t h, uint16_t color) {
 
   int16_t byteWidth = (w + 7) / 8; // Bitmap scanline pad = whole byte
   uint8_t byte = 0;
 
   startWrite();
   for (int16_t j = 0; j < h; j++, y++) {
     for (int16_t i = 0; i < w; i++) {
       if (i & 7)
         byte <<= 1;
       else
         byte = pgm_read_byte(&bitmap[j * byteWidth + i / 8]);
       if (byte & 0x80)
         writePixel(x + i, y, color);
     }
   }
   endWrite();
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief      Draw a PROGMEM-resident 1-bit image at the specified (x,y)
    position, using the specified foreground (for set bits) and background (unset
    bits) colors.
     @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
     @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
     @param    bitmap  byte array with monochrome bitmap
     @param    w   Width of bitmap in pixels
     @param    h   Height of bitmap in pixels
     @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw pixels with
     @param    bg 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw background with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::drawBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y, const uint8_t bitmap[],
                               int16_t w, int16_t h, uint16_t color,
                               uint16_t bg) {
 
   int16_t byteWidth = (w + 7) / 8; // Bitmap scanline pad = whole byte
   uint8_t byte = 0;
 
   startWrite();
   for (int16_t j = 0; j < h; j++, y++) {
     for (int16_t i = 0; i < w; i++) {
       if (i & 7)
         byte <<= 1;
       else
         byte = pgm_read_byte(&bitmap[j * byteWidth + i / 8]);
       writePixel(x + i, y, (byte & 0x80) ? color : bg);
     }
   }
   endWrite();
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief      Draw a RAM-resident 1-bit image at the specified (x,y) position,
    using the specified foreground color (unset bits are transparent).
     @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
     @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
     @param    bitmap  byte array with monochrome bitmap
     @param    w   Width of bitmap in pixels
     @param    h   Height of bitmap in pixels
     @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::drawBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y, uint8_t *bitmap, int16_t w,
                               int16_t h, uint16_t color) {
 
   int16_t byteWidth = (w + 7) / 8; // Bitmap scanline pad = whole byte
   uint8_t byte = 0;
 
   startWrite();
   for (int16_t j = 0; j < h; j++, y++) {
     for (int16_t i = 0; i < w; i++) {
       if (i & 7)
         byte <<= 1;
       else
         byte = bitmap[j * byteWidth + i / 8];
       if (byte & 0x80)
         writePixel(x + i, y, color);
     }
   }
   endWrite();
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief      Draw a RAM-resident 1-bit image at the specified (x,y) position,
    using the specified foreground (for set bits) and background (unset bits)
    colors.
     @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
     @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
     @param    bitmap  byte array with monochrome bitmap
     @param    w   Width of bitmap in pixels
     @param    h   Height of bitmap in pixels
     @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw pixels with
     @param    bg 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw background with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::drawBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y, uint8_t *bitmap, int16_t w,
                               int16_t h, uint16_t color, uint16_t bg) {
 
   int16_t byteWidth = (w + 7) / 8; // Bitmap scanline pad = whole byte
   uint8_t byte = 0;
 
   startWrite();
   for (int16_t j = 0; j < h; j++, y++) {
     for (int16_t i = 0; i < w; i++) {
       if (i & 7)
         byte <<= 1;
       else
         byte = bitmap[j * byteWidth + i / 8];
       writePixel(x + i, y, (byte & 0x80) ? color : bg);
     }
   }
   endWrite();
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief      Draw PROGMEM-resident XBitMap Files (*.xbm), exported from GIMP.
    Usage: Export from GIMP to *.xbm, rename *.xbm to *.c and open in editor.
    C Array can be directly used with this function.
    There is no RAM-resident version of this function; if generating bitmaps
    in RAM, use the format defined by drawBitmap() and call that instead.
     @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
     @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
     @param    bitmap  byte array with monochrome bitmap
     @param    w   Width of bitmap in pixels
     @param    h   Height of bitmap in pixels
     @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw pixels with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::drawXBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y, const uint8_t bitmap[],
                                int16_t w, int16_t h, uint16_t color) {
 
   int16_t byteWidth = (w + 7) / 8; // Bitmap scanline pad = whole byte
   uint8_t byte = 0;
 
   startWrite();
   for (int16_t j = 0; j < h; j++, y++) {
     for (int16_t i = 0; i < w; i++) {
       if (i & 7)
         byte >>= 1;
       else
         byte = pgm_read_byte(&bitmap[j * byteWidth + i / 8]);
       // Nearly identical to drawBitmap(), only the bit order
       // is reversed here (left-to-right = LSB to MSB):
       if (byte & 0x01)
         writePixel(x + i, y, color);
     }
   }
   endWrite();
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief   Draw a PROGMEM-resident 8-bit image (grayscale) at the specified
    (x,y) pos. Specifically for 8-bit display devices such as IS31FL3731; no
    color reduction/expansion is performed.
     @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
     @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
     @param    bitmap  byte array with grayscale bitmap
     @param    w   Width of bitmap in pixels
     @param    h   Height of bitmap in pixels
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::drawGrayscaleBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y,
                                        const uint8_t bitmap[], int16_t w,
                                        int16_t h) {
   startWrite();
   for (int16_t j = 0; j < h; j++, y++) {
     for (int16_t i = 0; i < w; i++) {
       writePixel(x + i, y, (uint8_t)pgm_read_byte(&bitmap[j * w + i]));
     }
   }
   endWrite();
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief   Draw a RAM-resident 8-bit image (grayscale) at the specified (x,y)
    pos. Specifically for 8-bit display devices such as IS31FL3731; no color
    reduction/expansion is performed.
     @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
     @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
     @param    bitmap  byte array with grayscale bitmap
     @param    w   Width of bitmap in pixels
     @param    h   Height of bitmap in pixels
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::drawGrayscaleBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y, uint8_t *bitmap,
                                        int16_t w, int16_t h) {
   startWrite();
   for (int16_t j = 0; j < h; j++, y++) {
     for (int16_t i = 0; i < w; i++) {
       writePixel(x + i, y, bitmap[j * w + i]);
     }
   }
   endWrite();
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief   Draw a PROGMEM-resident 8-bit image (grayscale) with a 1-bit mask
    (set bits = opaque, unset bits = clear) at the specified (x,y) position.
    BOTH buffers (grayscale and mask) must be PROGMEM-resident.
    Specifically for 8-bit display devices such as IS31FL3731; no color
    reduction/expansion is performed.
     @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
     @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
     @param    bitmap  byte array with grayscale bitmap
     @param    mask  byte array with mask bitmap
     @param    w   Width of bitmap in pixels
     @param    h   Height of bitmap in pixels
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::drawGrayscaleBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y,
                                        const uint8_t bitmap[],
                                        const uint8_t mask[], int16_t w,
                                        int16_t h) {
   int16_t bw = (w + 7) / 8; // Bitmask scanline pad = whole byte
   uint8_t byte = 0;
   startWrite();
   for (int16_t j = 0; j < h; j++, y++) {
     for (int16_t i = 0; i < w; i++) {
       if (i & 7)
         byte <<= 1;
       else
         byte = pgm_read_byte(&mask[j * bw + i / 8]);
       if (byte & 0x80) {
         writePixel(x + i, y, (uint8_t)pgm_read_byte(&bitmap[j * w + i]));
       }
     }
   }
   endWrite();
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief   Draw a RAM-resident 8-bit image (grayscale) with a 1-bit mask
    (set bits = opaque, unset bits = clear) at the specified (x,y) position.
    BOTH buffers (grayscale and mask) must be RAM-residentt, no mix-and-match
    Specifically for 8-bit display devices such as IS31FL3731; no color
    reduction/expansion is performed.
     @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
     @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
     @param    bitmap  byte array with grayscale bitmap
     @param    mask  byte array with mask bitmap
     @param    w   Width of bitmap in pixels
     @param    h   Height of bitmap in pixels
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::drawGrayscaleBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y, uint8_t *bitmap,
                                        uint8_t *mask, int16_t w, int16_t h) {
   int16_t bw = (w + 7) / 8; // Bitmask scanline pad = whole byte
   uint8_t byte = 0;
   startWrite();
   for (int16_t j = 0; j < h; j++, y++) {
     for (int16_t i = 0; i < w; i++) {
       if (i & 7)
         byte <<= 1;
       else
         byte = mask[j * bw + i / 8];
       if (byte & 0x80) {
         writePixel(x + i, y, bitmap[j * w + i]);
       }
     }
   }
   endWrite();
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief   Draw a PROGMEM-resident 16-bit image (RGB 5/6/5) at the specified
    (x,y) position. For 16-bit display devices; no color reduction performed.
     @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
     @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
     @param    bitmap  byte array with 16-bit color bitmap
     @param    w   Width of bitmap in pixels
     @param    h   Height of bitmap in pixels
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::drawRGBBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y, const uint16_t bitmap[],
                                  int16_t w, int16_t h) {
   startWrite();
   for (int16_t j = 0; j < h; j++, y++) {
     for (int16_t i = 0; i < w; i++) {
       writePixel(x + i, y, pgm_read_word(&bitmap[j * w + i]));
     }
   }
   endWrite();
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief   Draw a RAM-resident 16-bit image (RGB 5/6/5) at the specified (x,y)
    position. For 16-bit display devices; no color reduction performed.
     @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
     @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
     @param    bitmap  byte array with 16-bit color bitmap
     @param    w   Width of bitmap in pixels
     @param    h   Height of bitmap in pixels
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::drawRGBBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y, uint16_t *bitmap,
                                  int16_t w, int16_t h) {
   startWrite();
   for (int16_t j = 0; j < h; j++, y++) {
     for (int16_t i = 0; i < w; i++) {
       writePixel(x + i, y, bitmap[j * w + i]);
     }
   }
   endWrite();
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief   Draw a PROGMEM-resident 16-bit image (RGB 5/6/5) with a 1-bit mask
    (set bits = opaque, unset bits = clear) at the specified (x,y) position. BOTH
    buffers (color and mask) must be PROGMEM-resident. For 16-bit display
    devices; no color reduction performed.
     @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
     @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
     @param    bitmap  byte array with 16-bit color bitmap
     @param    mask  byte array with monochrome mask bitmap
     @param    w   Width of bitmap in pixels
     @param    h   Height of bitmap in pixels
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::drawRGBBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y, const uint16_t bitmap[],
                                  const uint8_t mask[], int16_t w, int16_t h) {
   int16_t bw = (w + 7) / 8; // Bitmask scanline pad = whole byte
   uint8_t byte = 0;
   startWrite();
   for (int16_t j = 0; j < h; j++, y++) {
     for (int16_t i = 0; i < w; i++) {
       if (i & 7)
         byte <<= 1;
       else
         byte = pgm_read_byte(&mask[j * bw + i / 8]);
       if (byte & 0x80) {
         writePixel(x + i, y, pgm_read_word(&bitmap[j * w + i]));
       }
     }
   }
   endWrite();
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief   Draw a RAM-resident 16-bit image (RGB 5/6/5) with a 1-bit mask (set
    bits = opaque, unset bits = clear) at the specified (x,y) position. BOTH
    buffers (color and mask) must be RAM-resident. For 16-bit display devices; no
    color reduction performed.
     @param    x   Top left corner x coordinate
     @param    y   Top left corner y coordinate
     @param    bitmap  byte array with 16-bit color bitmap
     @param    mask  byte array with monochrome mask bitmap
     @param    w   Width of bitmap in pixels
     @param    h   Height of bitmap in pixels
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::drawRGBBitmap(int16_t x, int16_t y, uint16_t *bitmap,
                                  uint8_t *mask, int16_t w, int16_t h) {
   int16_t bw = (w + 7) / 8; // Bitmask scanline pad = whole byte
   uint8_t byte = 0;
   startWrite();
   for (int16_t j = 0; j < h; j++, y++) {
     for (int16_t i = 0; i < w; i++) {
       if (i & 7)
         byte <<= 1;
       else
         byte = mask[j * bw + i / 8];
       if (byte & 0x80) {
         writePixel(x + i, y, bitmap[j * w + i]);
       }
     }
   }
   endWrite();
 }
 
 // TEXT- AND CHARACTER-HANDLING FUNCTIONS ----------------------------------
 
 // Draw a character
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief   Draw a single character
     @param    x   Bottom left corner x coordinate
     @param    y   Bottom left corner y coordinate
     @param    c   The 8-bit font-indexed character (likely ascii)
     @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw chraracter with
     @param    bg 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill background with (if same as color,
    no background)
     @param    size  Font magnification level, 1 is 'original' size
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::drawChar(int16_t x, int16_t y, unsigned char c,
                             uint16_t color, uint16_t bg, uint8_t size) {
   drawChar(x, y, c, color, bg, size, size);
 }
 
 // Draw a character
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief   Draw a single character
     @param    x   Bottom left corner x coordinate
     @param    y   Bottom left corner y coordinate
     @param    c   The 8-bit font-indexed character (likely ascii)
     @param    color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw chraracter with
     @param    bg 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill background with (if same as color,
    no background)
     @param    size_x  Font magnification level in X-axis, 1 is 'original' size
     @param    size_y  Font magnification level in Y-axis, 1 is 'original' size
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::drawChar(int16_t x, int16_t y, unsigned char c,
                             uint16_t color, uint16_t bg, uint8_t size_x,
                             uint8_t size_y) {
 
   if (!gfxFont) { // 'Classic' built-in font
 
     if ((x >= _width) ||              // Clip right
         (y >= _height) ||             // Clip bottom
         ((x + 6 * size_x - 1) < 0) || // Clip left
         ((y + 8 * size_y - 1) < 0))   // Clip top
       return;
 
     if (!_cp437 && (c >= 176))
       c++; // Handle 'classic' charset behavior
 
     startWrite();
     for (int8_t i = 0; i < 5; i++) { // Char bitmap = 5 columns
       uint8_t line = pgm_read_byte(&font[c * 5 + i]);
       for (int8_t j = 0; j < 8; j++, line >>= 1) {
         if (line & 1) {
           if (size_x == 1 && size_y == 1)
             writePixel(x + i, y + j, color);
           else
             writeFillRect(x + i * size_x, y + j * size_y, size_x, size_y,
                           color);
         } else if (bg != color) {
           if (size_x == 1 && size_y == 1)
             writePixel(x + i, y + j, bg);
           else
             writeFillRect(x + i * size_x, y + j * size_y, size_x, size_y, bg);
         }
       }
     }
     if (bg != color) { // If opaque, draw vertical line for last column
       if (size_x == 1 && size_y == 1)
         writeFastVLine(x + 5, y, 8, bg);
       else
         writeFillRect(x + 5 * size_x, y, size_x, 8 * size_y, bg);
     }
     endWrite();
 
   } else { // Custom font
 
     // Character is assumed previously filtered by write() to eliminate
     // newlines, returns, non-printable characters, etc.  Calling
     // drawChar() directly with 'bad' characters of font may cause mayhem!
 
     c -= (uint8_t)pgm_read_byte(&gfxFont->first);
     GFXglyph *glyph = pgm_read_glyph_ptr(gfxFont, c);
     uint8_t *bitmap = pgm_read_bitmap_ptr(gfxFont);
 
     uint16_t bo = pgm_read_word(&glyph->bitmapOffset);
     uint8_t w = pgm_read_byte(&glyph->width), h = pgm_read_byte(&glyph->height);
     int8_t xo = pgm_read_byte(&glyph->xOffset),
            yo = pgm_read_byte(&glyph->yOffset);
     uint8_t xx, yy, bits = 0, bit = 0;
     int16_t xo16 = 0, yo16 = 0;
 
     if (size_x > 1 || size_y > 1) {
       xo16 = xo;
       yo16 = yo;
     }
 
     // Todo: Add character clipping here
 
     // NOTE: THERE IS NO 'BACKGROUND' COLOR OPTION ON CUSTOM FONTS.
     // THIS IS ON PURPOSE AND BY DESIGN.  The background color feature
     // has typically been used with the 'classic' font to overwrite old
     // screen contents with new data.  This ONLY works because the
     // characters are a uniform size; it's not a sensible thing to do with
     // proportionally-spaced fonts with glyphs of varying sizes (and that
     // may overlap).  To replace previously-drawn text when using a custom
     // font, use the getTextBounds() function to determine the smallest
     // rectangle encompassing a string, erase the area with fillRect(),
     // then draw new text.  This WILL infortunately 'blink' the text, but
     // is unavoidable.  Drawing 'background' pixels will NOT fix this,
     // only creates a new set of problems.  Have an idea to work around
     // this (a canvas object type for MCUs that can afford the RAM and
     // displays supporting setAddrWindow() and pushColors()), but haven't
     // implemented this yet.
 
     startWrite();
     for (yy = 0; yy < h; yy++) {
       for (xx = 0; xx < w; xx++) {
         if (!(bit++ & 7)) {
           bits = pgm_read_byte(&bitmap[bo++]);
         }
         if (bits & 0x80) {
           if (size_x == 1 && size_y == 1) {
             writePixel(x + xo + xx, y + yo + yy, color);
           } else {
             writeFillRect(x + (xo16 + xx) * size_x, y + (yo16 + yy) * size_y,
                           size_x, size_y, color);
           }
         }
         bits <<= 1;
       }
     }
     endWrite();
 
   } // End classic vs custom font
 }
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
     @brief  Print one byte/character of data, used to support print()
     @param  c  The 8-bit ascii character to write
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 size_t Adafruit_GFX::write(uint8_t c) {
   if (!gfxFont) { // 'Classic' built-in font
 
     if (c == '\n') {              // Newline?
       cursor_x = 0;               // Reset x to zero,
       cursor_y += textsize_y * 8; // advance y one line
     } else if (c != '\r') {       // Ignore carriage returns
       if (wrap && ((cursor_x + textsize_x * 6) > _width)) { // Off right?
         cursor_x = 0;                                       // Reset x to zero,
         cursor_y += textsize_y * 8; // advance y one line
       }
       drawChar(cursor_x, cursor_y, c, textcolor, textbgcolor, textsize_x,
                textsize_y);
       cursor_x += textsize_x * 6; // Advance x one char
     }
 
   } else { // Custom font
 
     if (c == '\n') {
       cursor_x = 0;
       cursor_y +=
           (int16_t)textsize_y * (uint8_t)pgm_read_byte(&gfxFont->yAdvance);
     } else if (c != '\r') {
       uint8_t first = pgm_read_byte(&gfxFont->first);
       if ((c >= first) && (c <= (uint8_t)pgm_read_byte(&gfxFont->last))) {
         GFXglyph *glyph = pgm_read_glyph_ptr(gfxFont, c - first);
         uint8_t w = pgm_read_byte(&glyph->width),
                 h = pgm_read_byte(&glyph->height);
         if ((w > 0) && (h > 0)) { // Is there an associated bitmap?
           int16_t xo = (int8_t)pgm_read_byte(&glyph->xOffset); // sic
           if (wrap && ((cursor_x + textsize_x * (xo + w)) > _width)) {
             cursor_x = 0;
             cursor_y += (int16_t)textsize_y *
                         (uint8_t)pgm_read_byte(&gfxFont->yAdvance);
           }
           drawChar(cursor_x, cursor_y, c, textcolor, textbgcolor, textsize_x,
                    textsize_y);
         }
         cursor_x +=
             (uint8_t)pgm_read_byte(&glyph->xAdvance) * (int16_t)textsize_x;
       }
     }
   }
   return 1;
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
     @brief   Set text 'magnification' size. Each increase in s makes 1 pixel
    that much bigger.
     @param  s  Desired text size. 1 is default 6x8, 2 is 12x16, 3 is 18x24, etc
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::setTextSize(uint8_t s) { setTextSize(s, s); }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
     @brief   Set text 'magnification' size. Each increase in s makes 1 pixel
    that much bigger.
     @param  s_x  Desired text width magnification level in X-axis. 1 is default
     @param  s_y  Desired text width magnification level in Y-axis. 1 is default
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::setTextSize(uint8_t s_x, uint8_t s_y) {
   textsize_x = (s_x > 0) ? s_x : 1;
   textsize_y = (s_y > 0) ? s_y : 1;
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
     @brief      Set rotation setting for display
     @param  x   0 thru 3 corresponding to 4 cardinal rotations
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::setRotation(uint8_t x) {
   rotation = (x & 3);
   switch (rotation) {
   case 0:
   case 2:
     _width = WIDTH;
     _height = HEIGHT;
     break;
   case 1:
   case 3:
     _width = HEIGHT;
     _height = WIDTH;
     break;
   }
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
     @brief Set the font to display when print()ing, either custom or default
     @param  f  The GFXfont object, if NULL use built in 6x8 font
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::setFont(const GFXfont *f) {
   if (f) {          // Font struct pointer passed in?
     if (!gfxFont) { // And no current font struct?
       // Switching from classic to new font behavior.
       // Move cursor pos down 6 pixels so it's on baseline.
       cursor_y += 6;
     }
   } else if (gfxFont) { // NULL passed.  Current font struct defined?
     // Switching from new to classic font behavior.
     // Move cursor pos up 6 pixels so it's at top-left of char.
     cursor_y -= 6;
   }
   gfxFont = (GFXfont *)f;
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
     @brief  Helper to determine size of a character with current font/size.
             Broke this out as it's used by both the PROGMEM- and RAM-resident
             getTextBounds() functions.
     @param  c     The ASCII character in question
     @param  x     Pointer to x location of character. Value is modified by
                   this function to advance to next character.
     @param  y     Pointer to y location of character. Value is modified by
                   this function to advance to next character.
     @param  minx  Pointer to minimum X coordinate, passed in to AND returned
                   by this function -- this is used to incrementally build a
                   bounding rectangle for a string.
     @param  miny  Pointer to minimum Y coord, passed in AND returned.
     @param  maxx  Pointer to maximum X coord, passed in AND returned.
     @param  maxy  Pointer to maximum Y coord, passed in AND returned.
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::charBounds(unsigned char c, int16_t *x, int16_t *y,
                               int16_t *minx, int16_t *miny, int16_t *maxx,
                               int16_t *maxy) {
 
   if (gfxFont) {
 
     if (c == '\n') { // Newline?
       *x = 0;        // Reset x to zero, advance y by one line
       *y += textsize_y * (uint8_t)pgm_read_byte(&gfxFont->yAdvance);
     } else if (c != '\r') { // Not a carriage return; is normal char
       uint8_t first = pgm_read_byte(&gfxFont->first),
               last = pgm_read_byte(&gfxFont->last);
       if ((c >= first) && (c <= last)) { // Char present in this font?
         GFXglyph *glyph = pgm_read_glyph_ptr(gfxFont, c - first);
         uint8_t gw = pgm_read_byte(&glyph->width),
                 gh = pgm_read_byte(&glyph->height),
                 xa = pgm_read_byte(&glyph->xAdvance);
         int8_t xo = pgm_read_byte(&glyph->xOffset),
                yo = pgm_read_byte(&glyph->yOffset);
         if (wrap && ((*x + (((int16_t)xo + gw) * textsize_x)) > _width)) {
           *x = 0; // Reset x to zero, advance y by one line
           *y += textsize_y * (uint8_t)pgm_read_byte(&gfxFont->yAdvance);
         }
         int16_t tsx = (int16_t)textsize_x, tsy = (int16_t)textsize_y,
                 x1 = *x + xo * tsx, y1 = *y + yo * tsy, x2 = x1 + gw * tsx - 1,
                 y2 = y1 + gh * tsy - 1;
         if (x1 < *minx)
           *minx = x1;
         if (y1 < *miny)
           *miny = y1;
         if (x2 > *maxx)
           *maxx = x2;
         if (y2 > *maxy)
           *maxy = y2;
         *x += xa * tsx;
       }
     }
 
   } else { // Default font
 
     if (c == '\n') {        // Newline?
       *x = 0;               // Reset x to zero,
       *y += textsize_y * 8; // advance y one line
       // min/max x/y unchaged -- that waits for next 'normal' character
     } else if (c != '\r') { // Normal char; ignore carriage returns
       if (wrap && ((*x + textsize_x * 6) > _width)) { // Off right?
         *x = 0;                                       // Reset x to zero,
         *y += textsize_y * 8;                         // advance y one line
       }
       int x2 = *x + textsize_x * 6 - 1, // Lower-right pixel of char
           y2 = *y + textsize_y * 8 - 1;
       if (x2 > *maxx)
         *maxx = x2; // Track max x, y
       if (y2 > *maxy)
         *maxy = y2;
       if (*x < *minx)
         *minx = *x; // Track min x, y
       if (*y < *miny)
         *miny = *y;
       *x += textsize_x * 6; // Advance x one char
     }
   }
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
     @brief  Helper to determine size of a string with current font/size.
             Pass string and a cursor position, returns UL corner and W,H.
     @param  str  The ASCII string to measure
     @param  x    The current cursor X
     @param  y    The current cursor Y
     @param  x1   The boundary X coordinate, returned by function
     @param  y1   The boundary Y coordinate, returned by function
     @param  w    The boundary width, returned by function
     @param  h    The boundary height, returned by function
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::getTextBounds(const char *str, int16_t x, int16_t y,
                                  int16_t *x1, int16_t *y1, uint16_t *w,
                                  uint16_t *h) {
 
   uint8_t c; // Current character
   int16_t minx = 0x7FFF, miny = 0x7FFF, maxx = -1, maxy = -1; // Bound rect
   // Bound rect is intentionally initialized inverted, so 1st char sets it
 
   *x1 = x; // Initial position is value passed in
   *y1 = y;
   *w = *h = 0; // Initial size is zero
 
   while ((c = *str++)) {
     // charBounds() modifies x/y to advance for each character,
     // and min/max x/y are updated to incrementally build bounding rect.
     charBounds(c, &x, &y, &minx, &miny, &maxx, &maxy);
   }
 
   if (maxx >= minx) {     // If legit string bounds were found...
     *x1 = minx;           // Update x1 to least X coord,
     *w = maxx - minx + 1; // And w to bound rect width
   }
   if (maxy >= miny) { // Same for height
     *y1 = miny;
     *h = maxy - miny + 1;
   }
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
     @brief    Helper to determine size of a string with current font/size. Pass
    string and a cursor position, returns UL corner and W,H.
     @param    str    The ascii string to measure (as an arduino String() class)
     @param    x      The current cursor X
     @param    y      The current cursor Y
     @param    x1     The boundary X coordinate, set by function
     @param    y1     The boundary Y coordinate, set by function
     @param    w      The boundary width, set by function
     @param    h      The boundary height, set by function
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::getTextBounds(const String &str, int16_t x, int16_t y,
                                  int16_t *x1, int16_t *y1, uint16_t *w,
                                  uint16_t *h) {
   if (str.length() != 0) {
     getTextBounds(const_cast<char *>(str.c_str()), x, y, x1, y1, w, h);
   }
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
     @brief    Helper to determine size of a PROGMEM string with current
    font/size. Pass string and a cursor position, returns UL corner and W,H.
     @param    str     The flash-memory ascii string to measure
     @param    x       The current cursor X
     @param    y       The current cursor Y
     @param    x1      The boundary X coordinate, set by function
     @param    y1      The boundary Y coordinate, set by function
     @param    w      The boundary width, set by function
     @param    h      The boundary height, set by function
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::getTextBounds(const __FlashStringHelper *str, int16_t x,
                                  int16_t y, int16_t *x1, int16_t *y1,
                                  uint16_t *w, uint16_t *h) {
   uint8_t *s = (uint8_t *)str, c;
 
   *x1 = x;
   *y1 = y;
   *w = *h = 0;
 
   int16_t minx = _width, miny = _height, maxx = -1, maxy = -1;
 
   while ((c = pgm_read_byte(s++)))
     charBounds(c, &x, &y, &minx, &miny, &maxx, &maxy);
 
   if (maxx >= minx) {
     *x1 = minx;
     *w = maxx - minx + 1;
   }
   if (maxy >= miny) {
     *y1 = miny;
     *h = maxy - miny + 1;
   }
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
     @brief      Invert the display (ideally using built-in hardware command)
     @param   i  True if you want to invert, false to make 'normal'
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX::invertDisplay(bool i) {
   // Do nothing, must be subclassed if supported by hardware
   (void)i; // disable -Wunused-parameter warning
 }
 
 /***************************************************************************/
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Create a simple drawn button UI element
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 Adafruit_GFX_Button::Adafruit_GFX_Button(void) { _gfx = 0; }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Initialize button with our desired color/size/settings
    @param    gfx     Pointer to our display so we can draw to it!
    @param    x       The X coordinate of the center of the button
    @param    y       The Y coordinate of the center of the button
    @param    w       Width of the buttton
    @param    h       Height of the buttton
    @param    outline  Color of the outline (16-bit 5-6-5 standard)
    @param    fill  Color of the button fill (16-bit 5-6-5 standard)
    @param    textcolor  Color of the button label (16-bit 5-6-5 standard)
    @param    label  Ascii string of the text inside the button
    @param    textsize The font magnification of the label text
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 // Classic initButton() function: pass center & size
 void Adafruit_GFX_Button::initButton(Adafruit_GFX *gfx, int16_t x, int16_t y,
                                      uint16_t w, uint16_t h, uint16_t outline,
                                      uint16_t fill, uint16_t textcolor,
                                      char *label, uint8_t textsize) {
   // Tweak arguments and pass to the newer initButtonUL() function...
   initButtonUL(gfx, x - (w / 2), y - (h / 2), w, h, outline, fill, textcolor,
                label, textsize);
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Initialize button with our desired color/size/settings
    @param    gfx     Pointer to our display so we can draw to it!
    @param    x       The X coordinate of the center of the button
    @param    y       The Y coordinate of the center of the button
    @param    w       Width of the buttton
    @param    h       Height of the buttton
    @param    outline  Color of the outline (16-bit 5-6-5 standard)
    @param    fill  Color of the button fill (16-bit 5-6-5 standard)
    @param    textcolor  Color of the button label (16-bit 5-6-5 standard)
    @param    label  Ascii string of the text inside the button
    @param    textsize_x The font magnification in X-axis of the label text
    @param    textsize_y The font magnification in Y-axis of the label text
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 // Classic initButton() function: pass center & size
 void Adafruit_GFX_Button::initButton(Adafruit_GFX *gfx, int16_t x, int16_t y,
                                      uint16_t w, uint16_t h, uint16_t outline,
                                      uint16_t fill, uint16_t textcolor,
                                      char *label, uint8_t textsize_x,
                                      uint8_t textsize_y) {
   // Tweak arguments and pass to the newer initButtonUL() function...
   initButtonUL(gfx, x - (w / 2), y - (h / 2), w, h, outline, fill, textcolor,
                label, textsize_x, textsize_y);
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Initialize button with our desired color/size/settings, with
    upper-left coordinates
    @param    gfx     Pointer to our display so we can draw to it!
    @param    x1       The X coordinate of the Upper-Left corner of the button
    @param    y1       The Y coordinate of the Upper-Left corner of the button
    @param    w       Width of the buttton
    @param    h       Height of the buttton
    @param    outline  Color of the outline (16-bit 5-6-5 standard)
    @param    fill  Color of the button fill (16-bit 5-6-5 standard)
    @param    textcolor  Color of the button label (16-bit 5-6-5 standard)
    @param    label  Ascii string of the text inside the button
    @param    textsize The font magnification of the label text
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX_Button::initButtonUL(Adafruit_GFX *gfx, int16_t x1,
                                        int16_t y1, uint16_t w, uint16_t h,
                                        uint16_t outline, uint16_t fill,
                                        uint16_t textcolor, char *label,
                                        uint8_t textsize) {
   initButtonUL(gfx, x1, y1, w, h, outline, fill, textcolor, label, textsize,
                textsize);
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Initialize button with our desired color/size/settings, with
    upper-left coordinates
    @param    gfx     Pointer to our display so we can draw to it!
    @param    x1       The X coordinate of the Upper-Left corner of the button
    @param    y1       The Y coordinate of the Upper-Left corner of the button
    @param    w       Width of the buttton
    @param    h       Height of the buttton
    @param    outline  Color of the outline (16-bit 5-6-5 standard)
    @param    fill  Color of the button fill (16-bit 5-6-5 standard)
    @param    textcolor  Color of the button label (16-bit 5-6-5 standard)
    @param    label  Ascii string of the text inside the button
    @param    textsize_x The font magnification in X-axis of the label text
    @param    textsize_y The font magnification in Y-axis of the label text
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX_Button::initButtonUL(Adafruit_GFX *gfx, int16_t x1,
                                        int16_t y1, uint16_t w, uint16_t h,
                                        uint16_t outline, uint16_t fill,
                                        uint16_t textcolor, char *label,
                                        uint8_t textsize_x, uint8_t textsize_y) {
   _x1 = x1;
   _y1 = y1;
   _w = w;
   _h = h;
   _outlinecolor = outline;
   _fillcolor = fill;
   _textcolor = textcolor;
   _textsize_x = textsize_x;
   _textsize_y = textsize_y;
   _gfx = gfx;
   strncpy(_label, label, 9);
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Draw the button on the screen
    @param    inverted Whether to draw with fill/text swapped to indicate
    'pressed'
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void Adafruit_GFX_Button::drawButton(bool inverted) {
   uint16_t fill, outline, text;
 
   if (!inverted) {
     fill = _fillcolor;
     outline = _outlinecolor;
     text = _textcolor;
   } else {
     fill = _textcolor;
     outline = _outlinecolor;
     text = _fillcolor;
   }
 
   uint8_t r = min(_w, _h) / 4; // Corner radius
   _gfx->fillRoundRect(_x1, _y1, _w, _h, r, fill);
   _gfx->drawRoundRect(_x1, _y1, _w, _h, r, outline);
 
   _gfx->setCursor(_x1 + (_w / 2) - (strlen(_label) * 3 * _textsize_x),
                   _y1 + (_h / 2) - (4 * _textsize_y));
   _gfx->setTextColor(text);
   _gfx->setTextSize(_textsize_x, _textsize_y);
   _gfx->print(_label);
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
     @brief    Helper to let us know if a coordinate is within the bounds of the
    button
     @param    x       The X coordinate to check
     @param    y       The Y coordinate to check
     @returns  True if within button graphics outline
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 bool Adafruit_GFX_Button::contains(int16_t x, int16_t y) {
   return ((x >= _x1) && (x < (int16_t)(_x1 + _w)) && (y >= _y1) &&
           (y < (int16_t)(_y1 + _h)));
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Query whether the button was pressed since we last checked state
    @returns  True if was not-pressed before, now is.
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 bool Adafruit_GFX_Button::justPressed() { return (currstate && !laststate); }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Query whether the button was released since we last checked state
    @returns  True if was pressed before, now is not.
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 bool Adafruit_GFX_Button::justReleased() { return (!currstate && laststate); }
 
 // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 // GFXcanvas1, GFXcanvas8 and GFXcanvas16 (currently a WIP, don't get too
 // comfy with the implementation) provide 1-, 8- and 16-bit offscreen
 // canvases, the address of which can be passed to drawBitmap() or
 // pushColors() (the latter appears only in a couple of GFX-subclassed TFT
 // libraries at this time).  This is here mostly to help with the recently-
 // added proportionally-spaced fonts; adds a way to refresh a section of the
 // screen without a massive flickering clear-and-redraw...but maybe you'll
 // find other uses too.  VERY RAM-intensive, since the buffer is in MCU
 // memory and not the display driver...GXFcanvas1 might be minimally useful
 // on an Uno-class board, but this and the others are much more likely to
 // require at least a Mega or various recent ARM-type boards (recommended,
 // as the text+bitmap draw can be pokey).  GFXcanvas1 requires 1 bit per
 // pixel (rounded up to nearest byte per scanline), GFXcanvas8 is 1 byte
 // per pixel (no scanline pad), and GFXcanvas16 uses 2 bytes per pixel (no
 // scanline pad).
 // NOT EXTENSIVELY TESTED YET.  MAY CONTAIN WORST BUGS KNOWN TO HUMANKIND.
 
 #ifdef __AVR__
 // Bitmask tables of 0x80>>X and ~(0x80>>X), because X>>Y is slow on AVR
 const uint8_t PROGMEM GFXcanvas1::GFXsetBit[] = {0x80, 0x40, 0x20, 0x10,
                                                  0x08, 0x04, 0x02, 0x01};
 const uint8_t PROGMEM GFXcanvas1::GFXclrBit[] = {0x7F, 0xBF, 0xDF, 0xEF,
                                                  0xF7, 0xFB, 0xFD, 0xFE};
 #endif
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Instatiate a GFX 1-bit canvas context for graphics
    @param    w   Display width, in pixels
    @param    h   Display height, in pixels
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 GFXcanvas1::GFXcanvas1(uint16_t w, uint16_t h) : Adafruit_GFX(w, h) {
   uint16_t bytes = ((w + 7) / 8) * h;
   if ((buffer = (uint8_t *)malloc(bytes))) {
     memset(buffer, 0, bytes);
   }
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Delete the canvas, free memory
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 GFXcanvas1::~GFXcanvas1(void) {
   if (buffer)
     free(buffer);
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
     @brief  Draw a pixel to the canvas framebuffer
     @param  x     x coordinate
     @param  y     y coordinate
     @param  color Binary (on or off) color to fill with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void GFXcanvas1::drawPixel(int16_t x, int16_t y, uint16_t color) {
   if (buffer) {
     if ((x < 0) || (y < 0) || (x >= _width) || (y >= _height))
       return;
 
     int16_t t;
     switch (rotation) {
     case 1:
       t = x;
       x = WIDTH - 1 - y;
       y = t;
       break;
     case 2:
       x = WIDTH - 1 - x;
       y = HEIGHT - 1 - y;
       break;
     case 3:
       t = x;
       x = y;
       y = HEIGHT - 1 - t;
       break;
     }
 
     uint8_t *ptr = &buffer[(x / 8) + y * ((WIDTH + 7) / 8)];
 #ifdef __AVR__
     if (color)
       *ptr |= pgm_read_byte(&GFXsetBit[x & 7]);
     else
       *ptr &= pgm_read_byte(&GFXclrBit[x & 7]);
 #else
     if (color)
       *ptr |= 0x80 >> (x & 7);
     else
       *ptr &= ~(0x80 >> (x & 7));
 #endif
   }
 }
 
 /**********************************************************************/
 /*!
         @brief    Get the pixel color value at a given coordinate
         @param    x   x coordinate
         @param    y   y coordinate
         @returns  The desired pixel's binary color value, either 0x1 (on) or 0x0
    (off)
 */
 /**********************************************************************/
 bool GFXcanvas1::getPixel(int16_t x, int16_t y) const {
   int16_t t;
   switch (rotation) {
   case 1:
     t = x;
     x = WIDTH - 1 - y;
     y = t;
     break;
   case 2:
     x = WIDTH - 1 - x;
     y = HEIGHT - 1 - y;
     break;
   case 3:
     t = x;
     x = y;
     y = HEIGHT - 1 - t;
     break;
   }
   return getRawPixel(x, y);
 }
 
 /**********************************************************************/
 /*!
         @brief    Get the pixel color value at a given, unrotated coordinate.
               This method is intended for hardware drivers to get pixel value
               in physical coordinates.
         @param    x   x coordinate
         @param    y   y coordinate
         @returns  The desired pixel's binary color value, either 0x1 (on) or 0x0
    (off)
 */
 /**********************************************************************/
 bool GFXcanvas1::getRawPixel(int16_t x, int16_t y) const {
   if ((x < 0) || (y < 0) || (x >= WIDTH) || (y >= HEIGHT))
     return 0;
   if (this->getBuffer()) {
     uint8_t *buffer = this->getBuffer();
     uint8_t *ptr = &buffer[(x / 8) + y * ((WIDTH + 7) / 8)];
 
 #ifdef __AVR__
     return ((*ptr) & pgm_read_byte(&GFXsetBit[x & 7])) != 0;
 #else
     return ((*ptr) & (0x80 >> (x & 7))) != 0;
 #endif
   }
   return 0;
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
     @brief  Fill the framebuffer completely with one color
     @param  color Binary (on or off) color to fill with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void GFXcanvas1::fillScreen(uint16_t color) {
   if (buffer) {
     uint16_t bytes = ((WIDTH + 7) / 8) * HEIGHT;
     memset(buffer, color ? 0xFF : 0x00, bytes);
   }
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief  Speed optimized vertical line drawing
    @param  x      Line horizontal start point
    @param  y      Line vertical start point
    @param  h      Length of vertical line to be drawn, including first point
    @param  color  Color to fill with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void GFXcanvas1::drawFastVLine(int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t h,
                                uint16_t color) {
 
   if (h < 0) { // Convert negative heights to positive equivalent
     h *= -1;
     y -= h - 1;
     if (y < 0) {
       h += y;
       y = 0;
     }
   }
 
   // Edge rejection (no-draw if totally off canvas)
   if ((x < 0) || (x >= width()) || (y >= height()) || ((y + h - 1) < 0)) {
     return;
   }
 
   if (y < 0) { // Clip top
     h += y;
     y = 0;
   }
   if (y + h > height()) { // Clip bottom
     h = height() - y;
   }
 
   if (getRotation() == 0) {
     drawFastRawVLine(x, y, h, color);
   } else if (getRotation() == 1) {
     int16_t t = x;
     x = WIDTH - 1 - y;
     y = t;
     x -= h - 1;
     drawFastRawHLine(x, y, h, color);
   } else if (getRotation() == 2) {
     x = WIDTH - 1 - x;
     y = HEIGHT - 1 - y;
 
     y -= h - 1;
     drawFastRawVLine(x, y, h, color);
   } else if (getRotation() == 3) {
     int16_t t = x;
     x = y;
     y = HEIGHT - 1 - t;
     drawFastRawHLine(x, y, h, color);
   }
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief  Speed optimized horizontal line drawing
    @param  x      Line horizontal start point
    @param  y      Line vertical start point
    @param  w      Length of horizontal line to be drawn, including first point
    @param  color  Color to fill with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void GFXcanvas1::drawFastHLine(int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t w,
                                uint16_t color) {
   if (w < 0) { // Convert negative widths to positive equivalent
     w *= -1;
     x -= w - 1;
     if (x < 0) {
       w += x;
       x = 0;
     }
   }
 
   // Edge rejection (no-draw if totally off canvas)
   if ((y < 0) || (y >= height()) || (x >= width()) || ((x + w - 1) < 0)) {
     return;
   }
 
   if (x < 0) { // Clip left
     w += x;
     x = 0;
   }
   if (x + w >= width()) { // Clip right
     w = width() - x;
   }
 
   if (getRotation() == 0) {
     drawFastRawHLine(x, y, w, color);
   } else if (getRotation() == 1) {
     int16_t t = x;
     x = WIDTH - 1 - y;
     y = t;
     drawFastRawVLine(x, y, w, color);
   } else if (getRotation() == 2) {
     x = WIDTH - 1 - x;
     y = HEIGHT - 1 - y;
 
     x -= w - 1;
     drawFastRawHLine(x, y, w, color);
   } else if (getRotation() == 3) {
     int16_t t = x;
     x = y;
     y = HEIGHT - 1 - t;
     y -= w - 1;
     drawFastRawVLine(x, y, w, color);
   }
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Speed optimized vertical line drawing into the raw canvas buffer
    @param    x   Line horizontal start point
    @param    y   Line vertical start point
    @param    h   length of vertical line to be drawn, including first point
    @param    color   Binary (on or off) color to fill with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void GFXcanvas1::drawFastRawVLine(int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t h,
                                   uint16_t color) {
   // x & y already in raw (rotation 0) coordinates, no need to transform.
   int16_t row_bytes = ((WIDTH + 7) / 8);
   uint8_t *buffer = this->getBuffer();
   uint8_t *ptr = &buffer[(x / 8) + y * row_bytes];
 
   if (color > 0) {
 #ifdef __AVR__
     uint8_t bit_mask = pgm_read_byte(&GFXsetBit[x & 7]);
 #else
     uint8_t bit_mask = (0x80 >> (x & 7));
 #endif
     for (int16_t i = 0; i < h; i++) {
       *ptr |= bit_mask;
       ptr += row_bytes;
     }
   } else {
 #ifdef __AVR__
     uint8_t bit_mask = pgm_read_byte(&GFXclrBit[x & 7]);
 #else
     uint8_t bit_mask = ~(0x80 >> (x & 7));
 #endif
     for (int16_t i = 0; i < h; i++) {
       *ptr &= bit_mask;
       ptr += row_bytes;
     }
   }
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Speed optimized horizontal line drawing into the raw canvas buffer
    @param    x   Line horizontal start point
    @param    y   Line vertical start point
    @param    w   length of horizontal line to be drawn, including first point
    @param    color   Binary (on or off) color to fill with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void GFXcanvas1::drawFastRawHLine(int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t w,
                                   uint16_t color) {
   // x & y already in raw (rotation 0) coordinates, no need to transform.
   int16_t rowBytes = ((WIDTH + 7) / 8);
   uint8_t *buffer = this->getBuffer();
   uint8_t *ptr = &buffer[(x / 8) + y * rowBytes];
   size_t remainingWidthBits = w;
 
   // check to see if first byte needs to be partially filled
   if ((x & 7) > 0) {
     // create bit mask for first byte
     uint8_t startByteBitMask = 0x00;
     for (int8_t i = (x & 7); ((i < 8) && (remainingWidthBits > 0)); i++) {
 #ifdef __AVR__
       startByteBitMask |= pgm_read_byte(&GFXsetBit[i]);
 #else
       startByteBitMask |= (0x80 >> i);
 #endif
       remainingWidthBits--;
     }
     if (color > 0) {
       *ptr |= startByteBitMask;
     } else {
       *ptr &= ~startByteBitMask;
     }
 
     ptr++;
   }
 
   // do the next remainingWidthBits bits
   if (remainingWidthBits > 0) {
     size_t remainingWholeBytes = remainingWidthBits / 8;
     size_t lastByteBits = remainingWidthBits % 8;
     uint8_t wholeByteColor = color > 0 ? 0xFF : 0x00;
 
     memset(ptr, wholeByteColor, remainingWholeBytes);
 
     if (lastByteBits > 0) {
       uint8_t lastByteBitMask = 0x00;
       for (size_t i = 0; i < lastByteBits; i++) {
 #ifdef __AVR__
         lastByteBitMask |= pgm_read_byte(&GFXsetBit[i]);
 #else
         lastByteBitMask |= (0x80 >> i);
 #endif
       }
       ptr += remainingWholeBytes;
 
       if (color > 0) {
         *ptr |= lastByteBitMask;
       } else {
         *ptr &= ~lastByteBitMask;
       }
     }
   }
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Instatiate a GFX 8-bit canvas context for graphics
    @param    w   Display width, in pixels
    @param    h   Display height, in pixels
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 GFXcanvas8::GFXcanvas8(uint16_t w, uint16_t h) : Adafruit_GFX(w, h) {
   uint32_t bytes = w * h;
   if ((buffer = (uint8_t *)malloc(bytes))) {
     memset(buffer, 0, bytes);
   }
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Delete the canvas, free memory
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 GFXcanvas8::~GFXcanvas8(void) {
   if (buffer)
     free(buffer);
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
     @brief  Draw a pixel to the canvas framebuffer
     @param  x   x coordinate
     @param  y   y coordinate
     @param  color 8-bit Color to fill with. Only lower byte of uint16_t is used.
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void GFXcanvas8::drawPixel(int16_t x, int16_t y, uint16_t color) {
   if (buffer) {
     if ((x < 0) || (y < 0) || (x >= _width) || (y >= _height))
       return;
 
     int16_t t;
     switch (rotation) {
     case 1:
       t = x;
       x = WIDTH - 1 - y;
       y = t;
       break;
     case 2:
       x = WIDTH - 1 - x;
       y = HEIGHT - 1 - y;
       break;
     case 3:
       t = x;
       x = y;
       y = HEIGHT - 1 - t;
       break;
     }
 
     buffer[x + y * WIDTH] = color;
   }
 }
 
 /**********************************************************************/
 /*!
         @brief    Get the pixel color value at a given coordinate
         @param    x   x coordinate
         @param    y   y coordinate
         @returns  The desired pixel's 8-bit color value
 */
 /**********************************************************************/
 uint8_t GFXcanvas8::getPixel(int16_t x, int16_t y) const {
   int16_t t;
   switch (rotation) {
   case 1:
     t = x;
     x = WIDTH - 1 - y;
     y = t;
     break;
   case 2:
     x = WIDTH - 1 - x;
     y = HEIGHT - 1 - y;
     break;
   case 3:
     t = x;
     x = y;
     y = HEIGHT - 1 - t;
     break;
   }
   return getRawPixel(x, y);
 }
 
 /**********************************************************************/
 /*!
         @brief    Get the pixel color value at a given, unrotated coordinate.
               This method is intended for hardware drivers to get pixel value
               in physical coordinates.
         @param    x   x coordinate
         @param    y   y coordinate
         @returns  The desired pixel's 8-bit color value
 */
 /**********************************************************************/
 uint8_t GFXcanvas8::getRawPixel(int16_t x, int16_t y) const {
   if ((x < 0) || (y < 0) || (x >= WIDTH) || (y >= HEIGHT))
     return 0;
   if (buffer) {
     return buffer[x + y * WIDTH];
   }
   return 0;
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
     @brief  Fill the framebuffer completely with one color
     @param  color 8-bit Color to fill with. Only lower byte of uint16_t is used.
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void GFXcanvas8::fillScreen(uint16_t color) {
   if (buffer) {
     memset(buffer, color, WIDTH * HEIGHT);
   }
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief  Speed optimized vertical line drawing
    @param  x      Line horizontal start point
    @param  y      Line vertical start point
    @param  h      Length of vertical line to be drawn, including first point
    @param  color  8-bit Color to fill with. Only lower byte of uint16_t is
                   used.
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void GFXcanvas8::drawFastVLine(int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t h,
                                uint16_t color) {
   if (h < 0) { // Convert negative heights to positive equivalent
     h *= -1;
     y -= h - 1;
     if (y < 0) {
       h += y;
       y = 0;
     }
   }
 
   // Edge rejection (no-draw if totally off canvas)
   if ((x < 0) || (x >= width()) || (y >= height()) || ((y + h - 1) < 0)) {
     return;
   }
 
   if (y < 0) { // Clip top
     h += y;
     y = 0;
   }
   if (y + h > height()) { // Clip bottom
     h = height() - y;
   }
 
   if (getRotation() == 0) {
     drawFastRawVLine(x, y, h, color);
   } else if (getRotation() == 1) {
     int16_t t = x;
     x = WIDTH - 1 - y;
     y = t;
     x -= h - 1;
     drawFastRawHLine(x, y, h, color);
   } else if (getRotation() == 2) {
     x = WIDTH - 1 - x;
     y = HEIGHT - 1 - y;
 
     y -= h - 1;
     drawFastRawVLine(x, y, h, color);
   } else if (getRotation() == 3) {
     int16_t t = x;
     x = y;
     y = HEIGHT - 1 - t;
     drawFastRawHLine(x, y, h, color);
   }
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief  Speed optimized horizontal line drawing
    @param  x      Line horizontal start point
    @param  y      Line vertical start point
    @param  w      Length of horizontal line to be drawn, including 1st point
    @param  color  8-bit Color to fill with. Only lower byte of uint16_t is
                   used.
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void GFXcanvas8::drawFastHLine(int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t w,
                                uint16_t color) {
 
   if (w < 0) { // Convert negative widths to positive equivalent
     w *= -1;
     x -= w - 1;
     if (x < 0) {
       w += x;
       x = 0;
     }
   }
 
   // Edge rejection (no-draw if totally off canvas)
   if ((y < 0) || (y >= height()) || (x >= width()) || ((x + w - 1) < 0)) {
     return;
   }
 
   if (x < 0) { // Clip left
     w += x;
     x = 0;
   }
   if (x + w >= width()) { // Clip right
     w = width() - x;
   }
 
   if (getRotation() == 0) {
     drawFastRawHLine(x, y, w, color);
   } else if (getRotation() == 1) {
     int16_t t = x;
     x = WIDTH - 1 - y;
     y = t;
     drawFastRawVLine(x, y, w, color);
   } else if (getRotation() == 2) {
     x = WIDTH - 1 - x;
     y = HEIGHT - 1 - y;
 
     x -= w - 1;
     drawFastRawHLine(x, y, w, color);
   } else if (getRotation() == 3) {
     int16_t t = x;
     x = y;
     y = HEIGHT - 1 - t;
     y -= w - 1;
     drawFastRawVLine(x, y, w, color);
   }
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Speed optimized vertical line drawing into the raw canvas buffer
    @param    x   Line horizontal start point
    @param    y   Line vertical start point
    @param    h   length of vertical line to be drawn, including first point
    @param    color   8-bit Color to fill with. Only lower byte of uint16_t is
    used.
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void GFXcanvas8::drawFastRawVLine(int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t h,
                                   uint16_t color) {
   // x & y already in raw (rotation 0) coordinates, no need to transform.
   uint8_t *buffer_ptr = buffer + y * WIDTH + x;
   for (int16_t i = 0; i < h; i++) {
     (*buffer_ptr) = color;
     buffer_ptr += WIDTH;
   }
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Speed optimized horizontal line drawing into the raw canvas buffer
    @param    x   Line horizontal start point
    @param    y   Line vertical start point
    @param    w   length of horizontal line to be drawn, including first point
    @param    color   8-bit Color to fill with. Only lower byte of uint16_t is
    used.
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void GFXcanvas8::drawFastRawHLine(int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t w,
                                   uint16_t color) {
   // x & y already in raw (rotation 0) coordinates, no need to transform.
   memset(buffer + y * WIDTH + x, color, w);
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Instatiate a GFX 16-bit canvas context for graphics
    @param    w   Display width, in pixels
    @param    h   Display height, in pixels
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 GFXcanvas16::GFXcanvas16(uint16_t w, uint16_t h) : Adafruit_GFX(w, h) {
   uint32_t bytes = w * h * 2;
   if ((buffer = (uint16_t *)malloc(bytes))) {
     memset(buffer, 0, bytes);
   }
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Delete the canvas, free memory
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 GFXcanvas16::~GFXcanvas16(void) {
   if (buffer)
     free(buffer);
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
     @brief  Draw a pixel to the canvas framebuffer
     @param  x   x coordinate
     @param  y   y coordinate
     @param  color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void GFXcanvas16::drawPixel(int16_t x, int16_t y, uint16_t color) {
   if (buffer) {
     if ((x < 0) || (y < 0) || (x >= _width) || (y >= _height))
       return;
 
     int16_t t;
     switch (rotation) {
     case 1:
       t = x;
       x = WIDTH - 1 - y;
       y = t;
       break;
     case 2:
       x = WIDTH - 1 - x;
       y = HEIGHT - 1 - y;
       break;
     case 3:
       t = x;
       x = y;
       y = HEIGHT - 1 - t;
       break;
     }
 
     buffer[x + y * WIDTH] = color;
   }
 }
 
 /**********************************************************************/
 /*!
         @brief    Get the pixel color value at a given coordinate
         @param    x   x coordinate
         @param    y   y coordinate
         @returns  The desired pixel's 16-bit 5-6-5 color value
 */
 /**********************************************************************/
 uint16_t GFXcanvas16::getPixel(int16_t x, int16_t y) const {
   int16_t t;
   switch (rotation) {
   case 1:
     t = x;
     x = WIDTH - 1 - y;
     y = t;
     break;
   case 2:
     x = WIDTH - 1 - x;
     y = HEIGHT - 1 - y;
     break;
   case 3:
     t = x;
     x = y;
     y = HEIGHT - 1 - t;
     break;
   }
   return getRawPixel(x, y);
 }
 
 /**********************************************************************/
 /*!
         @brief    Get the pixel color value at a given, unrotated coordinate.
               This method is intended for hardware drivers to get pixel value
               in physical coordinates.
         @param    x   x coordinate
         @param    y   y coordinate
         @returns  The desired pixel's 16-bit 5-6-5 color value
 */
 /**********************************************************************/
 uint16_t GFXcanvas16::getRawPixel(int16_t x, int16_t y) const {
   if ((x < 0) || (y < 0) || (x >= WIDTH) || (y >= HEIGHT))
     return 0;
   if (buffer) {
     return buffer[x + y * WIDTH];
   }
   return 0;
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
     @brief  Fill the framebuffer completely with one color
     @param  color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to fill with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void GFXcanvas16::fillScreen(uint16_t color) {
   if (buffer) {
     uint8_t hi = color >> 8, lo = color & 0xFF;
     if (hi == lo) {
       memset(buffer, lo, WIDTH * HEIGHT * 2);
     } else {
       uint32_t i, pixels = WIDTH * HEIGHT;
       for (i = 0; i < pixels; i++)
         buffer[i] = color;
     }
   }
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
     @brief  Reverses the "endian-ness" of each 16-bit pixel within the
             canvas; little-endian to big-endian, or big-endian to little.
             Most microcontrollers (such as SAMD) are little-endian, while
             most displays tend toward big-endianness. All the drawing
             functions (including RGB bitmap drawing) take care of this
             automatically, but some specialized code (usually involving
             DMA) can benefit from having pixel data already in the
             display-native order. Note that this does NOT convert to a
             SPECIFIC endian-ness, it just flips the bytes within each word.
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void GFXcanvas16::byteSwap(void) {
   if (buffer) {
     uint32_t i, pixels = WIDTH * HEIGHT;
     for (i = 0; i < pixels; i++)
       buffer[i] = __builtin_bswap16(buffer[i]);
   }
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Speed optimized vertical line drawing
    @param    x   Line horizontal start point
    @param    y   Line vertical start point
    @param    h   length of vertical line to be drawn, including first point
    @param    color   color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw line with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void GFXcanvas16::drawFastVLine(int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t h,
                                 uint16_t color) {
   if (h < 0) { // Convert negative heights to positive equivalent
     h *= -1;
     y -= h - 1;
     if (y < 0) {
       h += y;
       y = 0;
     }
   }
 
   // Edge rejection (no-draw if totally off canvas)
   if ((x < 0) || (x >= width()) || (y >= height()) || ((y + h - 1) < 0)) {
     return;
   }
 
   if (y < 0) { // Clip top
     h += y;
     y = 0;
   }
   if (y + h > height()) { // Clip bottom
     h = height() - y;
   }
 
   if (getRotation() == 0) {
     drawFastRawVLine(x, y, h, color);
   } else if (getRotation() == 1) {
     int16_t t = x;
     x = WIDTH - 1 - y;
     y = t;
     x -= h - 1;
     drawFastRawHLine(x, y, h, color);
   } else if (getRotation() == 2) {
     x = WIDTH - 1 - x;
     y = HEIGHT - 1 - y;
 
     y -= h - 1;
     drawFastRawVLine(x, y, h, color);
   } else if (getRotation() == 3) {
     int16_t t = x;
     x = y;
     y = HEIGHT - 1 - t;
     drawFastRawHLine(x, y, h, color);
   }
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief  Speed optimized horizontal line drawing
    @param  x      Line horizontal start point
    @param  y      Line vertical start point
    @param  w      Length of horizontal line to be drawn, including 1st point
    @param  color  Color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw line with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void GFXcanvas16::drawFastHLine(int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t w,
                                 uint16_t color) {
   if (w < 0) { // Convert negative widths to positive equivalent
     w *= -1;
     x -= w - 1;
     if (x < 0) {
       w += x;
       x = 0;
     }
   }
 
   // Edge rejection (no-draw if totally off canvas)
   if ((y < 0) || (y >= height()) || (x >= width()) || ((x + w - 1) < 0)) {
     return;
   }
 
   if (x < 0) { // Clip left
     w += x;
     x = 0;
   }
   if (x + w >= width()) { // Clip right
     w = width() - x;
   }
 
   if (getRotation() == 0) {
     drawFastRawHLine(x, y, w, color);
   } else if (getRotation() == 1) {
     int16_t t = x;
     x = WIDTH - 1 - y;
     y = t;
     drawFastRawVLine(x, y, w, color);
   } else if (getRotation() == 2) {
     x = WIDTH - 1 - x;
     y = HEIGHT - 1 - y;
 
     x -= w - 1;
     drawFastRawHLine(x, y, w, color);
   } else if (getRotation() == 3) {
     int16_t t = x;
     x = y;
     y = HEIGHT - 1 - t;
     y -= w - 1;
     drawFastRawVLine(x, y, w, color);
   }
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Speed optimized vertical line drawing into the raw canvas buffer
    @param    x   Line horizontal start point
    @param    y   Line vertical start point
    @param    h   length of vertical line to be drawn, including first point
    @param    color   color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw line with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void GFXcanvas16::drawFastRawVLine(int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t h,
                                    uint16_t color) {
   // x & y already in raw (rotation 0) coordinates, no need to transform.
   uint16_t *buffer_ptr = buffer + y * WIDTH + x;
   for (int16_t i = 0; i < h; i++) {
     (*buffer_ptr) = color;
     buffer_ptr += WIDTH;
   }
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************/
 /*!
    @brief    Speed optimized horizontal line drawing into the raw canvas buffer
    @param    x   Line horizontal start point
    @param    y   Line vertical start point
    @param    w   length of horizontal line to be drawn, including first point
    @param    color   color 16-bit 5-6-5 Color to draw line with
 */
 /**************************************************************************/
 void GFXcanvas16::drawFastRawHLine(int16_t x, int16_t y, int16_t w,
                                    uint16_t color) {
   // x & y already in raw (rotation 0) coordinates, no need to transform.
   uint32_t buffer_index = y * WIDTH + x;
   for (uint32_t i = buffer_index; i < buffer_index + w; i++) {
     buffer[i] = color;
   }
 }